Greek Influence on English Language

Backhanded and direct borrowings Since the living Greek and English dialects were not in direct contact until present day times, borrowings were fundamentally roundabout, coming either through Latin (through writings or different vernaculars), or from Ancient Greek writings, not the living language. Some Greek words were obtained into Latin and its relatives, the Romance dialects. English regularly got these words from French. Their phonetic and orthographic structure has some of the time changed considerably.For instance,â placeâ was acquired both by Old English and by French from Latinâ platea, itself obtained from Greek ( ) ‘broad (road)'; the Italianâ piazzaâ and Spanishâ plazaâ have a similar source, and have been obtained into English in equal. The wordâ oliveâ comes through the Romance from the Latin wordâ oliva, which thus originates from the Greek (elaiwa). [1][2] A later Greek word,â (bouturon)[3]â becomes Latinâ butyrumâ and in the end En glishâ butter. An enormous gathering of early borrowings, again transmitted first through Latin, at that point through different vernaculars, originates from Christian vocabulary:â bishopâ < episkoposâ ‘overseer'),â priestâ < (presbyterosâ ‘elder'), andâ churchâ <â ? (kyriakon). [4] In a few cases, the orthography of these words was later changed to mirror the Greek spelling:â e. g. quireâ was respelled asâ choirâ in the seventeenth century. A lot more words were obtained by researchers writing in post-traditional Latin. A few words were obtained in basically their unique significance, regularly transmitted through old style Latin:â physics,iambic,â eta,â necromancy. A couple of result from scribal errors:â encyclopediaâ < ‘the hover of learning', not a compound in Greek;â acneâ (skin condition) < wrong lt; ‘high point, top'. Others were obtained unaltered as specialized terms, however with explicit, n ovel meanings:â telescopeâ < ‘far-seeing' alludes to anâ optical instrument for seeing far away;â phlogistonâ < ‘burnt thing' is a supposedâ fire-production potential. Be that as it may, by a wide margin the biggest Greek commitment to English jargon is the tremendous number of logical, clinical, and technicalâ neologismsâ that have been instituted byâ compounding Greek roots and affixesto produce novel words which never existed in the Greek language:â utopiaâ (1516, ‘not' + ‘place'),â zoologyâ (1669, ), hydrodynamicsâ (1738, + ), photography(1834, + ), oocyteâ (1895, + ), helicobacterâ (1989, + ). Such terms are instituted in all the European dialects, and spread to the others freelyâ€including to Modern Greek. Customarily, these coinages were developed utilizing just Greek morphemes,â e. g. metamathematics, however progressively, Greek, Latin, and different morphemes are joined, as intelevision (Greek †+ Lati n vision), metalinguistic (Greek + Latinâ linguaâ + Greek - + Greek - ), and garbology (English garbage + Greek - . Theseâ hybrid wordsâ were once in the past viewed as ‘barbarisms'. Numerous Greek appends such asâ anti- andâ -icâ have becomeâ productiveâ in English, consolidating with discretionary English words: antichoice, Fascistic. Most learned borrowings and coinages follow the old style Latin Romanization framework, where ‘c' speaks to ? and so forth , with a couple exceptions:â eurekaâ (cf. heuristic),â kineticâ (cf. cinematography),kryptonâ (cf. enigmatic). Some Greek words were acquired through Arabic and afterward Romance:â alchemyâ ( or ), elixirâ ( ), alembicâ ( ), botargoâ ( , and possiblyâ quintalâ ( < Latincentenarium (pondus)). Curiously,â chemistâ appears to be aâ back-formationâ fromâ alchemist. In the nineteenth and twentieth hundreds of years a couple of scholarly words and expressions were presented utilizing a pretty much direct transliteration of Ancient Greek (as opposed to the conventional Latin-based morphology and dropped inflectional endings),â e. g. nousâ ( ), hoi polloiâ ( ). Some Greek words have given ascent toâ etymological doublets, being obtained both through a natural, roundabout course, and an educated, direct course into English:â anthemâ andâ antiphonâ ( ,franticâ andâ freneticâ ( ), butterâ andâ butyr(ic)â ( ), bishopâ andâ episcop(al)â ( ), balmâ andâ balsamâ ( , likely itself an acquiring from Semitic),â blameâ andâ blasphemy( ), boxâ andâ pyx(is)â ( ), choirâ andâ chorusâ ( ), trivetâ andâ tripodâ (/ - ), slanderâ andâ scandalâ ( ), oil,â olive,â oleum, andâ elaeo- ( ); almondâ andâ amygdala( ); dramâ andâ drachmaâ ( ); paperâ andâ papyrusâ ( ); caratâ andâ keratinâ ( , - ). [5][6] Finally, with the development of the travel industry, a few words reflecting present day Greek ulture have been obtained into Englishâ€many of them initially borrowings into Greek themselves:â retsina,â souvlaki,tavernaâ (< Italian),â ouzoâ (disputed etymology),â moussakaâ (< Turkish < Arabic),â baklavaâ (< Turkish),â fetaâ (< Italian),â bouzoukiâ (< Turkish),â gyroâ (the food, a calque of Turkishâ doner). â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- [edit]Greek as a delegate Many words from the Hebrew Bibleâ were transmitted toward the western dialects through the Greek of the Septuagint, frequently without morphological regularization:â pharaohâ ( ), seraphim( , , paradiseâ ( < Hebrew < Persian),â rabbiâ ( ). â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- [edit]The composed type of Greek words in English Many Greek words, particularly those obtained through the abstract custom, are unmistakable as such from th eir spelling. As of now in Latin, there were explicit shows for acquiring Greek. So Greekâ ? was composed as ‘y',â as ‘? ‘,â as ‘? ‘,â ? as ‘ph', andâ ? as ‘c'. These shows (which initially reflected articulation) have persisted into English and different dialects with verifiable orthography (like French).They make it conceivable to perceive expressions of Greek cause, and give implies concerning their elocution and enunciation. Then again, the spelling of certain words was refashioned to mirror their etymology: Middle Englishâ caracterâ becameâ characterâ in the sixteenth century. [7] The Ancient Greek diphthongsâ andâ might be spelled in three distinct manners in English: the digraphsâ aeâ andâ oe; the ligaturesâ ? andâ ? ; or the straightforward letterâ e. Both the digraphs and ligatures are remarkable in American utilization, yet the digraphs stay normal in British use. Models are: reference book/encyclop? ia/refer ence book, hemoglobin/h? moglobin/hemoglobin, oedema/? dema/edema, Oedipus/? dipus/Edipus (uncommon). The verbal endingâ -is spelledâ -izeâ in American English andâ -iseâ orâ -izeâ in British English. Now and again, a word's spelling unmistakably shows its Greek beginning. On the off chance that it includesâ phâ or includesâ yâ between consonants, it is likely Greek. In the event that it includesâ rrh,â phth, orâ chth; or begins withâ hy-, ps-, pn-, orâ chr-; or the rarerâ pt-, ct-, chth-, rh-, x-, sth-, mn-, tm-, gn- orâ bd-, then it is Greek, with some exceptions: gnat, gnaw, gneiss.One exemption isâ ptarmigan, which is from a Gaelic word, theâ phaving been included byâ false historical underpinnings. The wordâ trophy, however eventually of Greek starting point, didn't have aâ ? in any case, aâ ? in its Greek structure, . â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- [edit]Pronunciation In groups such asâ ps-, pn-, orâ gn- which are not permitted by English phonotactics, the standard English elocution drops the main consonant (e. g. brain science) toward the beginning of a word; comparegnosticâ [n? st? k] andâ agnosticâ [? gn? st? k]; there are a couple exceptions:â tmesisâ [tmi? s? s].Initial x- is pronouncedâ z. Châ is articulated likeâ kâ rather than as in â€Å"church†:â e. g. character, disorder. Continuous vowels are regularly articulated independently as opposed to framing a solitary vowel sound or one of them getting quiet (e. g. â€Å"theatre†Ã¢ vs. â€Å"feat†). â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- [edit]Inflectional endings and plurals Though numerous English words got from Greek through the scholarly course drop the inflectional endings (tripod,â zoology,â pentagon) or utilize Latin endings (papyrus,â mausoleum), some protect the Greek endings:â tetrahedron,â schem aâ (cf. cheme),â topos,â lexicon,â climax. On account of Greek endings, the plurals now and again follow the Greek rules:â phenomenon, phenomena;â tetrahedron, tetrahedra;â crisis, crises;â hypothesis, hypotheses;â stigma, stigmata;â topos, topoi;â cyclops, cyclopes; yet regularly do not:â colon, colonsâ notâ *colaâ (except for theâ very uncommon specialized term of rhetoric);pentathlon, pentathlonsâ notâ *pentathla;â demon, demonsâ notâ *demones;â climaxes, not *climaces.Usage is blended in some cases:â schema, schemasâ orâ schemata;â lexicon, lexiconsâ orâ lexica;â helix, helixesâ orâ helices;â sphinx, sphingesâ orâ sphinxes;â clitoris, clitorisesâ orâ clitorides. What's more, there are deceiving cases:â pentagonâ comes from Greekâ pentagonon, so its plural can't beâ *pentaga; it ispentagons (Greek /pentagona). (cf. Plurals from